Jansen, R. Silicon spintronics. Nat. Mater. 11, 400–408 (2012).
Žutić, I., Fabian, J. & Das Sarma, S. Spintronics: fundamentals and applications. Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323–410 (2004).
Hirohata, A. et al. Review on spintronics: principles and device applications. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 509, 166711 (2020).
Baibich, M. N. et al. Giant magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr magnetic superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472–2475 (1988).
Binasch, G., Grünberg, P., Saurenbach, F. & Zinn, W. Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange. Phys. Rev. B 39, 4828–4830 (1989).
Julliere, M. Tunneling between ferromagnetic films. Phys. Lett. A 54, 225–226 (1975).
Yang, S.-H., Naaman, R., Paltiel, Y. & Parkin, S. S. P. Chiral spintronics. Nat. Rev. Phys. 3, 328–343 (2021).
Naaman, R., Paltiel, Y. & Waldeck, D. H. Chiral molecules and the electron spin. Nat. Rev. Chem. 3, 250–260 (2019).
Lu, H., Vardeny, Z. V. & Beard, M. C. Control of light, spin and charge with chiral metal halide semiconductors. Nat. Rev. Chem. 6, 470–485 (2022).
Mishra, S. et al. Length-dependent electron spin polarization in oligopeptides and DNA. J. Phys. Chem. C 124, 10776–10782 (2020).
Ray, K., Ananthavel, S. P., Waldeck, D. H. & Naaman, R. Asymmetric scattering of polarized electrons by organized organic films of chiral molecules. Science 283, 814–816 (1999).
Lu, H. et al. Spin-dependent charge transport through 2D chiral hybrid lead-iodide perovskites. Sci. Adv. 5, eaay0571 (2019).
Lu, H. et al. Highly distorted chiral two-dimensional tin iodide perovskites for spin polarized charge transport. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 13030–13040 (2020).
Long, G. et al. Chiral-perovskite optoelectronics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 5, 423–439 (2020).
Kim, Y.-H. et al. Chiral-induced spin selectivity enables a room-temperature spin light-emitting diode. Science 371, 1129–1133 (2021).
Kojima, A., Teshima, K., Shirai, Y. & Miyasaka, T. Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 6050–6051 (2009).
Lee, M. M., Teuscher, J., Miyasaka, T., Murakami, T. N. & Snaith, H. J. Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites. Science 338, 643–647 (2012).
Billing, D. G. & Lemmerer, A. Synthesis and crystal structures of inorganic–organic hybrids incorporating an aromatic amine with a chiral functional group. CrystEngComm 8, 686–695 (2006).
Ahn, J. et al. A new class of chiral semiconductors: chiral-organic-molecule-incorporating organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites. Mater. Horiz. 4, 851–856 (2017).
Shpatz Dayan, A., Wierzbowska, M. & Etgar, L. Ruddlesden–Popper 2D chiral perovskite-based solar cells. Small Struct. 3, 2200051 (2022).
Liu, Q. et al. Circular polarization-resolved ultraviolet photonic artificial synapse based on chiral perovskite. Nat. Commun. 14, 7179 (2023).
Alberi, K. et al. Design and demonstration of AlxIn1−xP multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 54, 375501 (2021).
Giba, A. E. et al. Spin injection and relaxation in p-doped (In,Ga)As/GaAs quantum-dot spin light-emitting diodes at zero magnetic field. Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 034017 (2020).
Etou, K. et al. Room-temperature spin-transport properties in an In0.5Ga0.5As quantum dot spin-polarized light-emitting diode. Phys. Rev. Appl. 16, 014034 (2021).
Green, M. Solution routes to III–V semiconductor quantum dots. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 6, 355–363 (2002).
Weisbuch, C. & Vinter, B. Quantum Semiconductor Structures: Fundamentals and Applications (Elsevier, 2014).
Jonker, B. T. et al. Robust electrical spin injection into a semiconductor heterostructure. Phys. Rev. B 62, 8180–8183 (2000).
Nguyen, T. D., Ehrenfreund, E. & Vardeny, Z. V. Spin-polarized light-emitting diode based on an organic bipolar spin valve. Science 337, 204–209 (2012).
Etou, K. et al. Efficient room-temperature operation of a quantum dot spin-polarized light-emitting diode under high-bias conditions. Phys. Rev. Appl. 19, 024055 (2023).
Dankert, A., Dulal, R. S. & Dash, S. P. Efficient spin injection into silicon and the role of the Schottky barrier. Sci. Rep. 3, 3196 (2013).
Lu, Y. et al. MgO thickness dependence of spin injection efficiency in spin-light emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 152102 (2008).
Tito Patricio, M. A. et al. Spin relaxation of holes in In0.53Ga0.47As/InP quantum wells. Physica E 131, 114700 (2021).
Iba, S. et al. Spin accumulation and spin lifetime in p-type germanium at room temperature. Appl. Phys. Express 5, 053004 (2012).
Nonnenmacher, M., O’Boyle, M. P. & Wickramasinghe, H. K. Kelvin probe force microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 2921–2923 (1991).
Dzhioev, R. I. et al. Low-temperature spin relaxation in n-type GaAs. Phys. Rev. B 66, 245204 (2002).
Wang, J. et al. Spin-optoelectronic devices based on hybrid organic-inorganic trihalide perovskites. Nat. Commun. 10, 129 (2019).
Schmidt, G., Ferrand, D., Molenkamp, L. W., Filip, A. T. & van Wees, B. J. Fundamental obstacle for electrical spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal into a diffusive semiconductor. Phys. Rev. B 62, R4790–R4793 (2000).
Rashba, E. I. Theory of electrical spin injection: tunnel contacts as a solution of the conductivity mismatch problem. Phys. Rev. B 62, R16267–R16270 (2000).
Nishizawa, N., Nishibayashi, K. & Munekata, H. Pure circular polarization electroluminescence at room temperature with spin-polarized light-emitting diodes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 114, 1793–1788 (2017).
Liang, S. H. et al. Large and robust electrical spin injection into GaAs at zero magnetic field using an ultrathin CoFeB/MgO injector. Phys. Rev. B 90, 085310 (2014).
Cadiz, F. et al. Electrical initialization of electron and nuclear spins in a single quantum dot at zero magnetic field. Nano Lett. 18, 2381–2386 (2018).
Dainone, P. A. et al. Controlling the helicity of light by electrical magnetization switching. Nature 627, 783–788 (2024).
Ohno, Y. et al. Electrical spin injection in a ferromagnetic semiconductor heterostructure. Nature 402, 790–792 (1999).
Zhao, K. et al. New diluted ferromagnetic semiconductor with Curie temperature up to 180 K and isostructural to the ‘122’ iron-based superconductors. Nat. Commun. 4, 1442 (2013).
Kunnen, B. et al. Application of circularly polarized light for non-invasive diagnosis of cancerous tissues and turbid tissue-like scattering media. J. Biophotonics 8, 317–323 (2015).
Asshoff, P., Merz, A., Kalt, H. & Hetterich, M. A spintronic source of circularly polarized single photons. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 112106 (2011).
Furlan, F. et al. Chiral materials and mechanisms for circularly polarized light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photonics, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01408-z (2024).
Jang, G. et al. Core–shell perovskite quantum dots for highly selective room-temperature spin light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 36, 2309335 (2024).
Kang, J. H. et al. Tungsten-doped zinc oxide and indium–zinc oxide films as high-performance electron-transport layers in N–I–P perovskite solar cells. Polymers 12, 737 (2020).
Zhang, T. et al. Stable and efficient 3D-2D perovskite-perovskite planar heterojunction solar cell without organic hole transport layer. Joule 2, 2706–2721 (2018).
Auer-Berger, M. et al. All-solution-processed multilayer polymer/dendrimer light emitting diodes. Org. Electron. 35, 164–170 (2016).
Kikukawa, A., Hosaka, S. & Imura, R. Silicon pn junction imaging and characterizations using sensitivity enhanced Kelvin probe force microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 3510–3512 (1995).
Jiang, C.-S., Moutinho, H. R., Friedman, D. J., Geisz, J. F. & Al-Jassim, M. M. Measurement of built-in electrical potential in III–V solar cells by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 10035–10040 (2003).
Jiang, C.-S. et al. Carrier separation and transport in perovskite solar cells studied by nanometre-scale profiling of electrical potential. Nat. Commun. 6, 8397 (2015).
Jiang, C.-S. et al. Effect of window-layer materials on p-n junction location in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. IEEE J. Photovolt. 9, 308–312 (2019).
Jiang, C.-S. et al. Electrical potential investigation of reversible metastability and irreversible degradation of CdTe solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 238, 111610 (2022).
Southwick, R. G., Sup, A., Jain, A. & Knowlton, W. B. An interactive simulation tool for complex multilayer dielectric devices. IEEE Trans. Device Mater. Reliab. 11, 236–243 (2011).
Korn, T. Time-resolved studies of electron and hole spin dynamics in modulation-doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. Phys. Rep. 494, 415–445 (2010).
Zakharchenya, B. P. & Meier, F. Optical Orientation (North-Holland, 1984).
Wang, Q. et al. Spin quantum dot light-emitting diodes enabled by 2D chiral perovskite with spin-dependent carrier transport. Adv. Mater. 36, 2305604 (2024).
Yang, C.-H. et al. In situ formed perovskite nanocrystal films toward efficient circularly polarized electroluminescence. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2310500 (2023).
Ye, C., Jiang, J., Zou, S., Mi, W. & Xiao, Y. Core–shell three-dimensional perovskite nanocrystals with chiral-induced spin selectivity for room-temperature spin light-emitting diodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 9707–9714 (2022).
Yang, C.-H., Xiao, S.-B., Xiao, H., Xu, L.-J. & Chen, Z.-N. Efficient red-emissive circularly polarized electroluminescence enabled by quasi-2D perovskite with chiral spacer cation. ACS Nano 17, 7830–7836 (2023).
Mustaqeem, M. et al. Solution-processed and room-temperature spin light-emitting diode based on quantum dots/chiral metal-organic framework heterostructure. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2213587 (2023).